Nature can be understood through a construct of four realms – Land, Ocean, Freshwater, and Atmosphere. These are major components of the natural world that differ fundamentally in their organisation and function. Atmosphere is included in the framework to reflect the close association between climate- and nature-related risks and opportunities, while also acknowledging that links with climate mitigation and adaptation…

Fishermen in Indonesia know it from experience: the country’s mangroves are not just stabilizing an eroding coastline and preventing coastal flooding; they are also important carbon sinks, supporting marine biodiversity and local fisheries. The erosion of coastlines and a sharp decline in annual income for fishing households — 5 to 10 times the rate of mangrove loss– are dire…

WBCSD’s Vision 2050 for a world in which 9+ billion people live well and within planetary boundaries by 2050 is still within reach – but we have to act faster. Unprecedented global risks and crises continue to build: we are facing a perfect storm in the form of a climate emergency, nature in a state of crisis,…

The case for action If current trends continue, Africa may breach environmental tipping points causing largescale physical risks for financial assets. The transgression of tipping points, such as the complete loss of pollinators or dieback of coral reefs, would create severe costs for businesses and is becoming more likely, both globally and in Africa. For…